Evidence for the Evolutionary Model

---not open access--- Hasan, L., P. Vogeli, S. Neuenschwander, P. Stoll, E. Meijerink, C. Stricker, H. Jorg, and G. Stranzinger. "The L-gulono-gamma-lactone Oxidase Gene GULO Which Is a Candidate for Vitamin C Deficiency in Pigs Maps to Chromosome 14." Animal Genetics 30.4 (1999): 309-12.

Inai, Y., Y. Ohta, and M. Nishikimi. "The Whole Structure of the Human Nonfunctional L-gulono-gamma-lactone Oxidase Gene--the Gene Responsible for Scurvy--and the Evolution of Repetitive Sequences Thereon." J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 49.5 (2003): 315-19.

Nishikimi, M., T. Kawai, and K. Yagi. "Guinea Pigs Possess a Highly Mutated Gene for L-gulono-gamma-lactone Oxidase, the Key Enzyme for L-ascorbic Acid Biosynthesis Missing in This Species." Journal of Biological Chemistry 267 (1992): 21967-1972.

---not open access--- Ohta, Y., and M. Nishikimi. "Random Nucleotide Substitutions in Primate Nonfunctional Gene for L-gulono-gamma-lactone Oxidase, the Missing Enzyme in L-ascorbic Acid Biosynthesis." Biochim Biophys Acta 1472.1-2 (1999 Oct 18): 408-11.

Coffin, J. M. "Evolution of Retroviruses: Fossils in Our DNA." Proc Am Philos Soc 148.3 (2004 Sep): 264-80.

Johnson, W. E., and J. M. Coffin. "Constructing Primate Phylogenies from Ancient Retrovirus Sequences USA." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 96.18 (1999): 10254-0260.

---not open access--- Lebedev, Y. B., O. S. Belonovitch, N. V. Zybrova, P. P. Khil, S. G. Kurdyukov, T. V. Vinogradova, G. Hunsmann, and E. D. Sverdlov. "Differences in HERV-K LTR Insertions in Orthologous Loci of Humans and Great Apes." Gene 247.1-2 (2000): 265-77.

---online book--- Coffin, J. M., S. H. Hughes, and H. E. Varmus, eds. Retroviruses. Cold Spring Harbor, New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1997.

Belshaw, R., V. Pereira, A. Katzourakis, G. Talbot, J. Paces, A. Burt, and M. Tristem. "Long-term Reinfection of the Human Genome by Endogenous Retroviruses." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 101.14 (2004): 4894-899.

Hughes, J. F., and J. M. Coffin. "Human Endogenous Retroviral Elements as Indicators of Ectopic Recombination Events in the Primate Genome." Genetics 171 (2005): 1183-194.

---not open access--- Dangel, A. W., B. J. Baker, A. R. Mendoza, and C. Y. Yu. "Complement Component C4 Gene Intron 9 as a Phylogenetic Marker for Primates: Long Terminal Repeats of the Endogenous Retrovirus ERV-K(C4) Are a Molecular Clock of Evolution." Immunogenetics 42.1 (1995): 41-52.

Jern, P., G. O. Sperber, and J. Blomberg. "Use of Endogenous Retroviral Sequences (ERVs) and Structural Markers for Retroviral Phylogenetic Inference and Taxonomy." Retrovirology 2.50 (2005 Aug 10).

Skinner, L. M., M. Sudol, A. L. Harper, and M. Katzman. "Nucleophile Selection for the Endonuclease Activities of Human, Ovine, and Avian Retroviral Integrases." Journal of Biological Chemistry 276.1 (2001): 114-24.

---requires free registration--- Kaiser, S. M., H. S. Malik, and M. Emerman. "Restriction of an Extinct Retrovirus by the Human TRIM5alpha Antiviral Protein." Science 316.5832 (2007): 1756-758.

Lavie, L., P. Medstrand, W. Schempp, E. Meese, and J. Mayer. "Human Endogenous Retrovirus Family HERV-K(HML-5): Status, Evolution, and Reconstruction of an Ancient Betaretrovirus in the Human Genome." Journal of Virology 78.16 (2004 August): 8788-798.

Lee, Y. N., and P. D. Bieniasz. "Reconstitution of an Infectious Human Endogenous Retrovirus." PLoS Pathogens 3.1 (2007 January): e10.